Second, to evaluate the ecological effects of the implementation treatments we will use the core ecological monitoring indicators: canopy cover (%), understory cover (% ground, herbaceous, and/or shrub), surface fuels (tons/acre), crown base height (ft.), and stand structure components (tree species, size, and density).  Desired future ecological conditions will come from reconstructed forest variables (~ 1870, before fire exclusion) that were quantified in the associated landscape assessment and planning grant (CFRP 34-10).  Additionally, we will quantify the presence of invasive plant species to monitor effects of treatments on invasive species abundance, and take plot photos pre- and post-treatment.