This course will address qualitative and quantitative aspects of wood and tree-ring formation including their growth and structure as determined by fundamental influences of water, nutrients and energy. Particular emphasis will be given to the nature of and influences on interannual variability in the structural, physical and chemical properties of tree rings. Such properties include ring widths, cell types, dimensions and numbers, wood density, and the optical and chemical properties of xylem including isotopic composition and trace chemistry. We will additionally examine the use of measurements of these properties in the context of dendrochronology applied to environmental and other sciences. Relevant material will be covered through lectures, readings and student presentations. There will be a mid-term exam and term paper.