Keys
to Effective Research and Scientific Writing
NATS 101 Global Change
Effective research and scientific
writing is essential to success in the academic world.
Students need to grasp the fundamentals of scientific writing and hone
their skills in developing research papers through practice.
The student can seek help in this task.
Many books have been written on how to conduct scientific research and
write scientific papers. One of the
first tasks in effective writing is to secure some time-tested advice on the
subject of scientific writing.
Scientific
Writing Styles
Scientific research is only as good as the document it is presented in.
Students must realize that scientific information can be complex and
therefore must be organized logically. It
may be useful to think of the paper as a presentation of research that would be
given to a class or group of peers. If
the paper presentation is disorganized, unclear, and full of errors, the
audience will not learn much from the effort.
Scientific research papers generally
have a different tone and style than other forms of literary expression.
The writer is usually developing or defending a thesis or scientific
idea, explaining a scientific concept or phenomena, or explaining a physical
aspect of research. An excellent
scientific paper will generally have an introduction and overview of the
information that will be contained in the paper, a main body with distinct
sections of information, and a summary of findings and conclusion.
Supporting evidence within the main body is corroborated or backed up by
citations from other researchers or scientists.
Citations can take many forms, but the main point of having citations is
to give more weight or legitimacy to a paper, and to identify sources for
further research on a topic.
Scientific research is a serious endeavor and should be reported by the
writer in an efficient and concise manner.
Scientific research is also enjoyable and scientific papers should be
interesting to read and meaningful. There
is no place for slang, jargon, or meaningless wording in a scientific work.
A scientific paper can tell a story as interesting as any novel, if the
paper is well researched and meaningful for the target audience.
Target
Audiences for Scientific Papers
Every form of writing has a target
audience. The scientific researcher
should take the time to investigate what his or her target audience will be.
The researcher should think about what the audience expects to get out of
the paper, what they are likely to know or assume, what opinions they bring with
them, and what key knowledge they should walk away with after reading the paper.
This target audience largely defines
the sense of character that an author projects in a paper.
The purpose of the paper also helps to define the sense of character that
will be used to present the research information.
It is important for the author to decide if a neutral, dispassionate tone
is more suitable for presenting the information than a passionately committed
tone.
The
Writing Process
Planning and practice are the two most important keys to effective
scientific writing. Scientific
writing is a complex task that is rarely achieved on the first attempt.
Researchers should start the process early by assimilating the required
information and then creating several rough drafts that can be reviewed by peers
and colleagues. The final product
will hopefully be a polished gem of scientific endeavor.
Some
Do’s and Don’ts to Scientific Writing
DO
Define
your topic and start your research early! State
the problem or thesis.
Use
multiple media sources (library, Internet) and record where you found them
Tailor
your paper to your audience and to the required length of the paper
Use
citations (author date) and provide them in a Works Cited section or in
Footnotes.
Have
an introduction, overview, main body with subsections, and summary-conclusion.
Utilize
other forms of media (pictures, graphs, tables, charts) to illustrate your
ideas. Remember to cite all of the
above that is not your original idea. Use
quotations for the words of others.
Check
for spelling and grammatical errors by proofreading your work several times.
Provide
a title page with the title of your paper, your name, date, and the class you
are writing the paper for. Place
page numbers on your document, and subtitles if necessary.
DON’T
Plagiarize
the works of others. See the
website listed below for more information on plagiarism.
Jump
right into the subject. Give an
introduction to your scientific topic.
Make
complex subjects or information more complex by providing complex descriptions
and poorly worded sentences. Keep
it simple and take one idea at a time.
Try
to write a scientific paper in one day, evening, hour, or before class.
Find a knowledgeable person to review your writing.
Use
jargon, slang, or excessive personal biases in presenting your information.
Stick with facts and proven information.
Provide a summary and conclusion to your work.
Internet
Websites for Effective Writing
http://filebox.vt.edu/eng/mech/writing/other/contents.html
http://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation.htm
http://www.antiplagiarism.com/
http://hotwired.lycos.com/hardwired/wiredstyle/
Books
for Effective Research and Writing
Booth,
W., G. Colomb, and J. Williams. 1995.
The Craft of Research. Chicago:
The University
of Chicago Press.
Turabian,
K. 1996. A Manual for Writers of
Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations.
Sixth
Edition.
Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press.