LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

1^ST LAW

ENERGY MAY BE TRANSFORMED FROM ONE TYPE TO ANOTHER, BUT IT IS NEVER CREATED OR DESTROYED.

EXAMPLES OF ENERGY:

HEAT, LIGHT, KINETIC ENERGY, ELECTRICAL ENERGY,

POTENTIAL ENERGY OF FOSSIL FUELS, FOOD, GRAVITY

2^ND LAW

“HEAT CANNOT BE COMPLETELY CONVERTED TO WORK.”

“NO ENERGY TRANSFORMATION IS 100% EFFICIENT.”

“ENERGY CAN BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER, BUT IN ALL CONVERSIONS THERE IS FORMATION OF SOME ‘LOW QUALITY’, ‘NON-USABLE’ HEAT.”

“UNIVERSE RUNS DOWN AS ENERGY IS DISPERSED TO UNIFORM (LOW QUALITY) HEAT ENERGY.”

“ALL SYSTEMS TEND TO BECOME RANDOM (OR DISPERSED) ON THEIR OWN.”

FROM FOOD & FOSSIL FUELS, ABOUT 40-45% OF ENERGY IS EXTRACTED AND USED.

NEWTON’S LAWS

1^ST LAW

EVERY OBJECT PERSISTS IN A STATE OF REST OR UNIFORM MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE UNLESS COMPELLED BY AN EXTERNAL FORCE TO CHANGE THAT STATE.

2^ND LAW

THE CHANGE IN VELOCITY (=ACCELERATION) WITH WHICH AN OBJECT MOVES IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE MAGNITUDE OF THE FORCE APPLIED TO THE OBJECT AND INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE MASS OF AN OBJECT.

a = F/m or F = m ´ a

3^RD LAW

EVERY FORCE OR ACTION HAS AN EQUAL AND OPPOSITE REACTION (LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM)

LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

EVERY OBJECT IN THE UNIVERSE ATTRACTS EVERY OTHER OBJECT WITH A FORCE DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE PRODUCT OF THEIR MASS AND INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE SQUARE OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM.

F = G ´ (m₁ ´ m₂)

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