ATOMS & SPEED    (Homework 2 to be worked but not turned in)

(1-11-12)

 

Diameter= 0.5 to 2.5 x 10-8 cm (which is scientific notation, i.e., “economical”)

 

Scientific notation                                                      General (expanded) notation)

 

1 x 10-8 cm                              =                                  ____________________________

 

How many inches is 1 x 10-8 cm? (1in = 2.54cm; 0.394in = 1cm)

 

 

 

 

 

Mass             proton= 1.672 x 10-24 g

                        electron= 9.108 x 10-28 g

 

 

“Mole”= 6.02 x 1023 atoms of an element. 

            The atomic weight expressed in grams of an element will contain a mole of atoms

 

                        Element                                  Mass of 1 mole

 

 

                        Li                                            _____________

 

 

                        Ru                                           _____________

 

1 mole of Ru is how many ounces? (1 oz = 28.35 g; 1 g = 0.0353 oz)

 

 

 

 

Speed of Light (in vacuum)

 

                        General                                               Scientific

 

 

                        186,000 mi/s                           =          _______________________

 

                       

_____________________      =          3 x 1010 cm/s

Description: PeriodicTable

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

 

1ST LAW

ENERGY MAY BE TRANSFORMED FROM ONE TYPE TO ANOTHER, BUT IT IS NEVER CREATED OR DESTROYED.

EXAMPLES OF ENERGY:

HEAT, LIGHT, KINETIC ENERGY, ELECTRICAL ENERGY,

POTENTIAL ENERGY OF FOSSIL FUELS, FOOD, GRAVITY

 

2ND LAW

“HEAT CANNOT BE COMPLETELY CONVERTED TO WORK.”

“NO ENERGY TRANSFORMATION IS 100%         EFFICIENT.”

“ENERGY CAN BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM    TO ANOTHER, BUT IN ALL CONVERSIONS    THERE IS FORMATION OF SOME ‘LOW QUALITY’, ‘NON-USABLE’ HEAT.”

“UNIVERSE RUNS DOWN AS ENERGY IS         DISPERSED TO UNIFORM (LOW QUALITY)         HEAT ENERGY.”

“ALL SYSTEMS TEND TO BECOME RANDOM (OR         DISPERSED) ON THEIR OWN.”

 

FROM FOOD & FOSSIL FUELS, ABOUT 40-45% OF ENERGY IS EXTRACTED AND USED.

 

 

NEWTON’S LAWS

 

1ST LAW

EVERY OBJECT PERSISTS IN A STATE OF REST OR UNIFORM MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE UNLESS COMPELLED BY AN EXTERNAL FORCE TO CHANGE THAT STATE.

 

2ND LAW

THE CHANGE IN VELOCITY (=ACCELERATION) WITH WHICH AN OBJECT MOVES IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE MAGNITUDE OF THE FORCE APPLIED TO THE OBJECT AND INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE MASS OF AN OBJECT.

 

a = F/m   or    F = m ´ a

 

3RD LAW

EVERY FORCE OR ACTION HAS AN EQUAL AND OPPOSITE REACTION (LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM)

 

LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

EVERY OBJECT IN THE UNIVERSE ATTRACTS EVERY OTHER OBJECT WITH A FORCE DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE PRODUCT OF THEIR MASS AND INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE SQUARE OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM.

 

F = G ´ (m1 ´ m2)

                    r2