Nats101
Sect 51, 52
Introduction to Global Change
Final
Exam Study Guide
Exam
Date/Location-
10:30am-12:30pm, Wednesday May 11, room 308 Space Sciences
Exam composition-
As of now it will be 100 M/C questions (if I decide to include any written questions into the exam, a message will be sent to class)
About 40-50% from material from first half of class and 50-60% from material since midterm
Material-
All lecture material
ALL readings in syllabus (textbooks and other readings).
All Group Activities
All writing activities
What to study-
In addition to the readings and your own lecture notes, the writing activities, sample quizzes, actual quizzes, midterm study guide (below) and midterm exam, plus the “class notes” summary of each lecture provided by Prof. Leavitt should be helpful.
Terminology
(For pre-midterm, see midterm study guide below)
Post-midterm=
Montreal Protocol primary pollutant “missing” carbon sink
Kyoto Protocol VOCs (a.k.a. HCs) carbon cycle
Ozone hole temperature inversion carbon source
Landfill Green Revolution carbon sink
pH scale soil horizon flux
eutrophication soil erosion/degradation invasive species
radiative forcing carrying capacity phenology
global warming potential (GWP) population “pyramid” iridium anomaly
secondary pollutant land-use change “Bucky balls”/fullerenes
Biome primary productivity biomass
Tipping point “peak oil” litter
Reservoir kerogen “rule of 70”
Carbonate CFCs/halons fuelwood
Acid deposition buffering estuary
Biotic components abiotic components biomass
Biodiversity ruminant temperature inversion
Biometric measurements ozone eddy-flux measurements
Isoprenes/terpenes trophic level primary producer/primary consumer/secondary consumer
Autotroph/heterotrophy point source (of pollution) energy/trophic level pyramids
Photosynthesis respiration catalytic converter
Concepts (For pre-midterm, see midterm study guide below)
Post-midterm=
How tropospheric ozone is different from stratospheric ozone
Measures taken to reduce ozone hole (i.e., restore tropospheric ozone)
Why is pH of “acid rain” considered less than about 5.2 to 5.5, when anything below pH=7 is acid?
How has “cap and trade” been successful in reducing SO2 emissions?
Even if all SO2 emissions could be eliminated, why would acid rain still exist?
What are sources of CO2 into the atmosphere? N2O? CH4?
How could trees possibly be implicated in pollution?
What contributes to eutrophication and what are the consequences of eutrophication?
What are limitations of the “Green Revolution”?
What are consequences of soil degradation (mainly erosion)?
What human activities contribute to soil degradation?
What is temperate deforestation (as opposed to tropical deforestation)?
What are motives for tropical deforestation?
What is the value of tropical rain forests?
How can a population profile (pyramid) indicate whether a population is likely to increase rapidly or not?
Are fossil-fuel CO2 emissions very small compared to natural inputs to the atmosphere? So what?
How are the nitrogen and carbon cycles related?
Why won’t world population continue to increase indefinitely?
What is current CO2 concentration? Is it the highest ever?
Is CO2 and air pollutant?
How is “seasonal biosphere” related to the changes in atmospheric CO2?
Why hasn’t the rise of CO2 over the last 50 years been constant from one year to the next?
Compared to the Earth’s “natural” radiation budget involving 345 W/m2 around our planet, how much of an effect does radiative forcing by greenhouse gases exert? (F14.55 Mackenzie)
What are dominant forms of carbon in the various reservoirs of the global carbon cycle?
How might global change affect invasive species?
What has caused massive extinctions during geologic time?
What factors influence productivity of biomes?
What types of terrestrial and marine biomes are highly productive?
Why is the biomass in oceans so much less than on land?
Give an example of how carbon in soils and plants differ among biomes?
Figures from
Mackenzie text that were emphasized in the lectures (either in the exact form
they appear in the text, or a similar figure from another source)-
F9.1, F9.4, F8.7, F9.10, F9.14, F9.20, F10.1, F10.3, F10.13, F10.17, F10.21, F10.23, F10.26, F10.29a, F11.1, F11.2, F11.3, F11.7, F11.12, F11.17, F12.2, F12.3, F12.9, F12.10, F12.11, F12.13, F12.20, F12.21, F13.13, F14.7, F14.11, F14.21, F14.40, F14.52, F14.55, F14.57, F14.58, F14.61, F14.64, F14.65, F14.71, F7.3, F7.4, F7.5, F6.11, F6.12, F6.17, F6.18,
Table 7.1
Handsome
figures/discussion from Mann/Kump book-
p. 94-97, p. 104-105, p. 112-121, p. 139, p. 142-143, p. 161, p. 175
Nats101 Sect 51, 52 Introduction to Global Change
Midterm Study Guide
Exam Time/Date-
Noon,
Wednesday March 9
Exam composition-
To Be Determined, but multiple choice questions will dominate (this
will be updated)
Material-
All lecture material
through March 7
All
associated readings (textbooks and other readings), which include readings through Feb. 28th
in syllabus (Actual lectures have fallen behind about 3 periods
compared to the plan in the syllabus)
What to study-
In
addition to the readings and your own lecture notes…….
the sample quizzes and actual
quizzes plus the “class notes” summary of each lecture provided by Prof.
Leavitt should be helpful.
Material
related to writing exercises 1 and 2 lessons
may also appear on Midterm Exam.
Terminology-
Atomic
number core-mantle-crust Wien’s law
Mass
number troposphere-stratosphere terrestrial radiation
Proton cyanobacteria solar
radiation
Electron BIF- banded
iron formations weather
Neutron ITCZ climate
Isotopes convection latent
heat
Fusion radiation specific
heat
Fission conduction TDS
Big
Bang Hadley
Cell cohesion
Red
shift Coriolis Effect adhesion
Entropy albedo IPCC
Covalent
bonds Younger Dryas upwelling
Atmosphere Hydrosphere Cryosphere
Biosphere teleconnection “hockey
stick” curve
Permafrost methane hydrate
Salt
water intrusion Gulf
Stream ENSO
Polar
Cell Ferrell
Cell ground
water
Relative
humidity runoff Doppler
Effect
Medieval
Warm Period Little Ice Age sink/source
Mole gyres ozone
layer
Tree
rings menhaden/anchovies fire scar
Concepts-
Conversion
of units
Scientific
notation
Periodic
Table and the origin of elements
Laws
of thermodynamics
Solar
Nebula Hypothesis for formation of our solar system
Differentiation
of the Earth into its layers
Plate
tectonics/plate boundaries
Uneven
distribution of resources/raw materials around the world (fossil fuel; metals)
Current
composition of the Earth’s atmosphere
Evolution
of the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere from early Earth to now
Temperature
on Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin scales
General
circulation in the Earth’s atmosphere (convection cells, rising/sinking air,
winds, etc)
“Rules
of electromagnetic radiation”
Earth’s
radiation budget
“Greenhouse
effect” vs. “enhance greenhouse effect”
Properties
of water
Thermohaline circulation- past and future climate
Mechanisms
for increasing salinity of sea water
Surface
ocean circulation
Food
chains/webs and biomass and energy
El
Niño/La Niña and food chains, weather, teleconnections
Positive
and negative feedbacks with respect to global climate change
Consequences
of Arctic warming
Consequences
of sea-level rise
World-wide
global warming over the past 120 years and uneven nature of that warming
IPCC
predictions for this century in regard to warming, sea level, ice sheets, El
Niño,
thermohaline circulation, precipitation, drought
Sources
of energy/power for society deriving directly or indirectly from the sun
Choice
of latitudes to sail east or west in the Pacific and
Location
of deserts and areas of greatest storminess
Cause
of seasons
Tipping
point
The
hydrologic cycle- reservoirs and fluxes
From Mann-Kump
book, the following pages/images are particularly relevant to lectures-
p.
10-15, p. 20-25, p. 32-37, p. 38-39, p. 48-51, 58-61, 64, 82-83, 88-93, 98-103,
110-111, 122-125, 128, 138-139
Figures from Mackenzie text
that were emphasized in the lectures (either in the exact form they appear in
the text, or a similar figure from another source)-
Box 2.2 (p. 20-22), F2.9, F3.1, F3.2, F3.4, F3.8, F3.13, F4.1, Box 4.1 (p. 69-70), F4.2, F4.3, F4.8, F4.9, F5.1, F5.4, F5.6, F5.7, F5.12, F5.13, F5.14, F5.15, F5.16, F6.11, F8.1, F8.3, F8.4, F8.5, F9.36
Table 4.1, Table 5.1, Table 5.2
[F6.5, F6.7, F6.8, F6.9, F6.12,
Table 6.3, Table 6.4 are included in
content matching syllabus readings through March 7, but we will not get to them
before midterm exam]